Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, 2022 (vol. 24), issue 3

Operation and Economics in TransportMechanical Engineering in TransportElectrical Engineering in TransportCivil Engineering in TransportManagement Science and Informatics in TransportSafety and Security Engineering in TransportTravel and Tourism Studies in Transport Development

Operation and Economics in Transport

Control over Driving Behaviour and Accident Involvement: A Case among Young Drivers in Malaysia

Siti Hawa Harith

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):A88-A99 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.A88-A99  

Human factors specifically, perceived behavioural control (PBC) is among the accident causation factors leading to risky driving behaviour among young drivers. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the relationship between PBC and young drivers' risky driving behaviour, PBC and accident involvement as well as the mediating role of risky driving behaviour to mediate the relationship between the PBC and accident involvement. The sample of this study involved active young drivers aged between 18 and 25, possess valid driving license, with at least six months of driving experience and have been involved in a road accident for the past 12 months. Results...

Change in the Mobility of Polish Residents during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Piotr Gorzelańczyk

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):A100-A111 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.A100-A111  

The aim of the article is to analyze the mobility of Polish residents and a change caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, a questionnaire study was conducted on changes in the mobility of Polish residents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was carried out in December 2020, when the second wave of cases of the above-mentioned virus was ongoing in Poland. During the study of Polish residents, questions were asked about the purpose of their trip, means of transport, distance to the destination and duration of the trip, as well as the place of making purchases before and during the pandemic. In addition, respondents were asked whether...

Mobility in the Developing Country. The Case Study of Bangkok Metropolitan Region

Kamil Wilinski, Shubham Pathak

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):A112-A122 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.A112-A122  

Significant economic growth visible in recent decades in Thailand contributed to a huge demand for private vehicles, which was not followed by a sufficient growth of transport infrastructure, consequently leading to permanent congestion, increase in the number of accidents, high carbon emission and thus a decline in the air quality. This research was conducted in the capital of Thailand, Bangkok using key informant interviews to examine socio-economic determinants of 3 different modes choice: car, motorcycle and public transport. The major findings included the lack of use of public transportation due inadequate transportation schemes and policies...

Empirical Measurement of Electromobility Efficiency in the Environment of the European Union

Jozef Kubás, Michal Ballay, Jozef Ristvej, Katarína Zábovská

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):A123-A132 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.A123-A132  

The article presents an assessment of the use of alternative fuels in Europe with an emphasis on electromobility. In this regard, the impact of political intentions, ambitions and goals are analyzed, in relation to the current situation. Based on the results of empirical measurements, the efficiency of implementation of a European publicly accessible infrastructure for charging electric vehicles was determined. Using the method, the efficiency of electromobility in all the countries of the European Union was investigated. The resulting parameters are comparable in the context of the objectives of the Green Deal and the expected impact of electric cars....

Application of Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods for Evaluation of Selected Passenger Electric Cars: A Case Study

Ondrej Stopka, Mária Stopková, Jan Pečman

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):A133-A141 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.A133-A141  

The article deals with the analysis of selected technical and economic aspects that influence decision making process when choosing a car with an electric drive - an electric car. Environmental friendliness is beginning to be one of the key aspects in the context of electric vehicle selection, but its final choice is still affected by the standards offered by internal combustion vehicles. In our case, the relevant standards were defined when using the results of a questionnaire survey, the criteria of scales, which are used to compare selected types of electric passenger cars in the conditions of the Czech Republic. The aim of the article is to select...

Effect of Periodic Technical Inspections of Vehicles on Traffic Accidents in the Slovak Republic

Juraj Hudec, Branislav Šarkan

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):A142-A159 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.A142-A159  

The article presents a search for links between the Periodic Technical Inspections of Vehicles (TI) and traffic accidents due to vehicle technical defects in the Slovak Republic. Based on these links, it is sought to assess the justification for TI regarding the road safety. For this purpose, statistical data on traffic accidents, caused by vehicle technical defects as well as data concerning TI carried out were examined. The first finding was that the approaching end of the validity of the TI, the probability of traffic accidents due to technical defects increases for vehicles. The second finding was that with the increasing number of vehicles assessed...

Mechanical Engineering in Transport

Economic and Environmental Benefits of Using Cavitation Treated Fuel in Vehicles of Internal Combustion Engines

Ivan Aftanaziv, Myroslav Malovanyy, Lilija Shevchuk, Orysia Strogan, Lesia Strutynska

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):B158-B169 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.B158-B169  

The results of an experimental study of efficiency of the cavitation treatment of a fuel mixture, based on A-95 gasoline and distilled water, for automobile internal combustion engines are presented. Cavitation treatment of this fuel mixture at a percentage of water/gasoline of 17/83 % allows increasing the cost of gasoline up to 15-20 % when operating engines on flat and sloping sections of roads and in traffic jams. Due to the cavitation treatment, the engine power is reduced by only 6/7 %. The design of the created automobile electromagnetic vibrating cavitator is described. Its application will not only save fuel, but increase the completeness...

Analysis of Influence of the Load Plane Combined with Preload on Durability of Bearing

Jaroslaw Kaczor

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):B170-B188 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.B170-B188  

Angular ball bearings are commonly used whenever there is a demand to increase stiffness of a bearing. The aforementioned increase of stiffness can be achieved by obtaining proper preload in bearings. In common belief, preload has a negative consequence: it increases the load of rolling elements, which must lead to lower durability of bearing compared to the situation before the preload use.

Ultrasonic Unit for Reducing the Toxicity of Diesel Vehicle Exhaust Gases

Adil Kadyrov, Bauyrzhan Sarsembekov, Alexandr Ganyukov, Shinpolat Suyunbaev, Kirill Sinelnikov

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):B189-B198 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.B189-B198  

The article presents materials on use of ultrasonic waves to reduce the smoke and toxicity of diesel engine exhaust gases. The results of the experiments are presented. The hypothesis on the reduction of smoke and toxicity of the exhaust gas due to the acceleration of the coagulation of its particles under the action of ultrasound has been confirmed.

Experimental and Theoretical Performance Evaluation of Basin Solar Still with Lid Afloat in Egypt Conditions

Amr Mesalem, Ahmed Walaa, Ahmed Elweteedy, Salman Elshamarka

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):B199-B210 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.B199-B210  

This paper presents experimental and theoretical work, analyzing the performance of single slope solar still with and without a floating lid, conducted in Cairo, Egypt. A Comparison of the experimental output yield with the theoretical one was carried out. The experimentations without the lid were conducted for 7 days and the daily output yield ranges from (2.8 l/day to 3.15 l/day) with an average output yield of 52.8 % when compared to the theoretical output yield. To improve the output yield of the still, a black fibrous lid was placed on the water surface and its effect on the output yield was studied. Because of its porosity the evaporation surface...

Development of a Model for Calculating the Slip Coefficients of a Mechanical Wheeled Vehicle with Two Steering Axles

Tassybek N. Bekenov, Zhanibek T. Nussupbek, Zhandos T. Tassybekov, Zamira K. Sattinova

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):B211-B218 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.B211-B218  

The purpose of the study is to perform appropriate calculations of the values of the total slip coefficients alternately on the sides of a vehicle, depending on the angles of rotation of its axles, using the single slip coefficients of its individual wheels directly when turning. The basis of the methodological approach in this study is a combination of system analysis of the principles of calculating the slip coefficients of a mechanical wheeled vehicle with an analytical investigation of problematic aspects of developing a model for calculating the slip coefficients of a vehicle with two steering axles. The results obtained indicate the presence...

Research into the Loading of the Tank Car Frame Concept with Filler in the Composite Center Sill

Oleksij Fomin, Juraj Gerlici, Alyona Lovska, Kateryna Kravchenko

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):B219-B227 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.B219-B227  

The study deals with determination of the dynamic loading on the frame of a tank car with closed composite center sill filled with elastic-viscous filler. It has been found that the measures for improvements can decrease the dynamic loading of the frame by 3.5 % in comparison to that of the structure without a filler. The strength calculation of the frame of a tank car is also presented. It was found that the maximum equivalent stresses occurred in the contact area between the center sill and the body bolster; they amounted to about 284.7 MPa and did not exceed the allowable values. The computer modelling of the dynamic loading of the tank car frame...

Prediction of the Ultra-Large Container Ships' Propulsion Power at the Initial Design Stage

Piotr Kamil Korlak

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):B228-B238 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.B228-B238  

Container ships represent the fastest growing segment of maritime transport. The need to reduce unit transportation costs and environmental impact has led to development of the most capacious ultra-large container ships operating on the world's major shipping routes. A representative database of ultra-large container ships was created and further subdivided according to the main technical parameters. Using a simple cubic regression model, based on the least squares method, an equation, compliant to the general propeller law, was developed to predict the propulsion power of ultra-large container ships as a function of their sailing speed. The results...

Methods for Identification of Complex Industrial Control Objects on Their Accelerating Characteristics

Assel Abdullayeva, Aidana Kalabayeva, Andrey Ivanov, Seidulla Abdullayev, Gabit Bakyt

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):B239-B246 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.B239-B246  

Theoretical identification methods for complex industrial control objects give very cumbersome and complex mathematical relations, the use of which for practical purposes is not constructive. In this regard, methods for obtaining mathematical models based on experimental data have now become the main focus of identification theory. In this paper is described the method of identification of industrial control objects developed according to their acceleration characteristics. The structure of the object under study is determined by the type of amplitude-phase frequency response and dynamic parameters are determined by experimental data. The high adequacy...

Methodology of Force Parameters Justification of the Controlled Steering Wheel Suspension

Bogdan Sokil, Oleg Lyashuk, Mariya Sokil, Yuriy Vovk, Iryna Lebid, Ivan Hevko, Mykhaylo Levkovych, Roman Khoroshun, Anatoliy Matviyishyn

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):B247-B258 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.B247-B258  

The methodology for selecting the main force parameters of nonlinear non-conservative suspension for the main performance characteristics of wheeled vehicles has been developed based on the longitudinal-angular oscillations. The following has been established: a) change limits of static deformation of the elastic suspension system and its other parameters at which the basic operational characteristics for various ranges of amplitude change are satisfied; b) the amplitude of the initial perturbation of oscillations depending on the shape of the inequality and its entry speed; c) the influence of the main characteristics of damping devices on the amplitude-frequency...

Calculation of Basic Indicators of Running Safety on the Example of a Freight Wagon with the y25 Bogie

Ján Dižo, Miroslav Blatnický, Denis Molnár, Anatoliy Falendysh

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):B259-B266 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.B259-B266  

Freight wagons are among the most widely used means of transporting goods by land. Such a number of wagons and transported material and amount of material need to meet requirements in terms of safety and reliability. A wagon bogie is a key element in the wagon running safety point of view. The Y25 bogie is a most used bogie for freight wagons in the region of the central and west Europe. As this bogie was developed several decades ago, it is interesting to evaluate its running properties according to current standards. The presented research brings results of calculation of chosen basic indicators in terms of running safety. The calculations of the...

A Mathematical Model of Operation of a Semi-Trailer Tractor Powertrain

Ján Dižo, Miroslav Blatnický, Rafał Melnik, Oleksandr Kravchenko

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):B267-B274 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.B267-B274  

The mathematical modelling is an inseparable part of mechanical engineers' activities. It is applied in design, optimization, verifying, as well as modifying of products. The approach of creating virtual models and their analyzing without having real products is applied in several domains. A mathematical model is given by equations of motion. The main objective of this work is to present the way how a mathematical model of a car powertrain operation is derived and applied in practical applications. A semi-trailer tractor with a standard powertrain was chosen as a reference car. The derived equations of motion are written in a matrix form and subsequently...

Civil Engineering in Transport

Smote vs. Random Undersampling for Imbalanced Data - Car Ownership Demand Model

Wuttikrai Chaipanha, Patiphan Kaewwichian

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):D105-D115 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.D105-D115  

Because the numbers of cars reflect each person's travel behaviors for each specific location, the car ownership demand model plays a dominant role in analysis of the travel demand in order to understand each area's individual and household travel behaviors. However, the study project for the master plan of the Khon Kaen expressway represented imbalanced data; namely, the majority class and the minority class were not equal. Before developing a machine learning model, this study suggested a solution to balance the data by using oversampling and under-sampling techniques. The data, which had been improved with SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling...

The Comparison of Dynamic Effects Acting in the Common Crossing and Switch Unit of a Turnout

Jaroslav Smutný, Dušan Janoštík, Viktor Nohál

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):D116-D125 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.D116-D125  

The paper presents an analysis and comparison of selected dynamic parameters in the common crossing and switch unit of a railway turnout. The paper includes a description of the measurement methodology, the report of mathematical methods used to evaluate the measured data and comparison of selected parameters describing dynamic processes in individual parts of the structure. The paper also includes a mathematical analysis of the lesser-known Hilbert Huang transformation, including its practical application. From the presented case study, practical experience and recommendations for the railway line managers, research organizations and possibly for...

A Simulation Approach for Evaluating Congestion and Its Mitigation Measures on Urban Arterials Operating with Mixed Traffic Conditions

Chintaman Santosh Bari, Tanmayee V. Gunjal, Ashish Dhamaniya

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):D126-D140 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.D126-D140  

Present study evaluates the various congestion indexes in terms of speed performance index, volume to capacity ratio and congestion index based on travel time on the urban roadway network of 5.7 km in length, operating with mixed traffic conditions (traffic with varying static and dynamic characteristics of vehicles). The mitigations measures have been proposed to cater to the present traffic demand by converting the uncontrolled intersection to a partially controlled or signal-controlled intersection. In order to check the effectiveness of such mitigation measures, various scenarios have been generated in the developed and a well calibrated simulation...

Energy-Saving Thermal Stabilization System and Assessment of Temperature Loadings of a Bridge Deck Pavement

Sergey A. Kostenko, Aleksandr A. Piskunov, Nikita A. Ganin, Galina A. Emelianova

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):D141-D149 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.D141-D149  

To improve the general traffic safety in conditions of winter ice at traffic interchanges and to extend the overall service life of the roadway, it is proposed to use energy-saving thermal stabilization of a bridge deck pavement by transferring the low-temperature geothermal energy by heat pumps. The practical and computational parts of the pilot plant work are demonstrated and discussed. In order to analyze the need to use additional thermal joints, computer simulation was performed in the LIRA-CAD-2018 software package with subsequent extrapolation to a real bridge span.

Management Science and Informatics in Transport

Reviewing the Components of Technology Acceptance Behavior in Transportation Sector

Waqas Ahmed, Sheikh Muhamad Hizam, Ilham Sentosa

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):E96-E107 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.E96-E107  

Technology integration in transportation enhances the efficiency towards urban mobility management. The effective implementation of such technologies requires exploration of vital factors of acceptance and use. This study synthesizes a review work on the road-transport technologies' literature from 2011 to 2021 by contemplating the adoption mechanism keywords such as "acceptance", "usability", "adoption" of technology in transportation, mobility and numerous transport technologies through Boolean operators. Total of 42 articles from 20 developed and developing countries are enlisted for analysis. Numerous Information System (IS) theories and behavioral...

Development of Mode-Wise Speed Prediction Models for Urban Roads with Side Friction Characteristics

Shishodiya Ghanshyam Singh, S. Vasantha Kumar

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):E108-E121 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.E108-E121  

The present study has developed regression models to study the impact of side friction factors on speeds of vehicles in urban roads. The factors that were considered are on-street parking, pedestrian movement, water stagnation, encroachment, poor road condition and wrong side driving. Three locations from Vellore and Chikmagalur cities in India were selected and vehicle speeds, side friction parameters and flow were collected through videographic survey for 6 hours duration. It was found that the speeds of vehicles were in the range of only 11-23 km/h due to side friction. The study has proposed a "simple arithmetic operand" method to overcome the...

Safety and Security Engineering in Transport

Analysis and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Safety Systems at Railroad Crossings in Poland

Piotr Gorzelańczyk, Aleksandra Borkowska, Pawel Szubert, Tomáš Kalina, Martin Jurkovič

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):F46-F61 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.F46-F61  

The number of vehicles on the road is growing every year and each year too many people lose their lives and health on Polish roads. The number of accidents, including at level crossings, is very high. Despite the construction of new, safer roads, the number of collisions continues to grow and about three thousand accident participants die each year. The main causes of accidents are inadequate speed to the prevailing road conditions or regulations, driving under the influence of alcohol and random events. For this reason, the article analyzes the safety at railroad crossings in Poland. In the next stage, an exemplary system improving safety at railroad...

Travel and Tourism Studies in Transport Development

Assessing the Propensity to Car Sharing Services in University Cities: Some Insights for Developing the Co-Creation Process

Vincenza Torrisi, Tiziana Campisi, Matteo Ignaccolo, Giuseppe Inturri, Giovanni Tesoriere

Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina 2022, 24(3):G1-G14 | DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2022.3.G1-G14  

Cities are often characterised by the presence of universities and by a greater number of students, often commuters, with an average age of less than 30 years. The study focused on the city of Enna (Italy), where the university students represent a significant percentage of residents and also a good rate of local travel demand. The survey campaign was conducted over a period of more than one year. A bivariate statistical method was applied highlighting significant variables regarding several features of a car sharing system. Additionally, non-parametric statistics and a before and after analysis were performed to evaluate the influence of implementation...