pivot

Splits the rows of a DataFrame and groups them horizontally into new columns based on values from one or several columns of the original DataFrame.

pivot (inward = true) { pivotColumns }
  [ .groupBy { indexColumns } | .groupByOther() ]
  [ .default(defaultValue) ]
     reducer | aggregator
    
reducer = .minBy { column } | .maxBy { column } | .first [ { rowCondition } ] | .last [ { rowCondition } ] 
          .with { rowExpression } | .values { valueColumns }

aggregator = .count() | .matches() | .frames() | .with { rowExpression } | .values { valueColumns } | .aggregate { aggregations } | .<stat> [ { columns } ]

See column selectors for how to select the columns for this operation.

Parameters:

inward — if true generated columns are nested inside the original column, otherwise they will be top-level
pivotColumns — columns with values for horizontal data grouping and generation of new columns
indexColumns — columns with values for vertical data grouping
defaultValue — value to fill mismatched pivot-index column pairs
valueColumns — columns with output values

df.pivot { city }

df.pivot("city")

To pivot several columns at once, you can combine them using and or then infix function:

and will pivot columns independently
then will create column hierarchy from combinations of values from pivoted columns

df.pivot { city and name.firstName }
df.pivot { city then name.firstName }

df.pivot { "city" and "name"["firstName"] }
df.pivot { "city" then "name"["firstName"] }

pivot + groupBy

To create a matrix table that is expanded both horizontally and vertically, apply groupBy transformation passing the columns for vertical grouping. Reversed order of pivot and groupBy will produce the same result.

df.pivot { city }.groupBy { name }
// same as
df.groupBy { name }.pivot { city }

df.pivot("city").groupBy("name")
// same as
df.groupBy("name").pivot("city")

To group by all columns except pivoted use groupByOther:

df.pivot { city }.groupByOther()

Aggregation

To aggregate data groups with one or several statistics use aggregate:

df.pivot { city }.aggregate { minBy { age }.name }

df.pivot("city").aggregate { minBy("age")["name"] }

df.pivot { city }.groupBy { name.firstName }.aggregate {
    meanFor { age and weight } into "means"
    stdFor { age and weight } into "stds"
    maxByOrNull { weight }?.name?.lastName into "biggest"
}

df.pivot("city").groupBy { "name"["firstName"] }.aggregate {
    meanFor("age", "weight") into "means"
    stdFor("age", "weight") into "stds"
    maxByOrNull("weight")?.getColumnGroup("name")?.get("lastName") into "biggest"
}

Shortcuts for common aggregation functions are also available:

df.pivot { city }.maxFor { age and weight }
df.groupBy { name }.pivot { city }.median { age }

df.pivot("city").maxFor("age", "weight")
df.groupBy("name").pivot("city").median("age")

By default, when aggregation function produces several values for single data group, column hierarchy in resulting DataFrame will be indexed first by pivot keys and then by the names of aggregated values. To reverse this order so that resulting columns will be indexed first by names of aggregated values and then by pivot keys, use separate=true flag that is available in multi-result aggregation operations, such as aggregate or <stat>For:

df.pivot { city }.maxFor(separate = true) { age and weight }
df.pivot { city }.aggregate(separate = true) {
    min { age } into "min age"
    maxOrNull { weight } into "max weight"
}

df.pivot("city").maxFor("age", "weight", separate = true)
df.pivot("city").aggregate(separate = true) {
    min("age") into "min age"
    maxOrNull("weight") into "max weight"
}

By default, any aggregation function will result in null value for those matrix cells, where intersection of column and row keys produced an empty data group. You can specify default value for any aggregation by default infix function. This value will replace all null results of aggregation function over non-empty data groups as well. To use one default value for all aggregation functions, use default() before aggregation.

df.pivot { city }.groupBy { name }.aggregate { min { age } default 0 }
df.pivot { city }.groupBy { name }.default(0).min()

df.pivot("city").groupBy("name").aggregate { min("age") default 0 }
df.pivot("city").groupBy("name").default(0).min()

df.pivot { city }.groupBy { name }.aggregate {
    median { age } into "median age" default 0
    minOrNull { weight } into "min weight" default 100
}

df.pivot("city").groupBy("name").aggregate {
    median("age") into "median age" default 0
    minOrNull("weight") into "min weight" default 100
}

Pivot inside aggregate

pivot transformation can be used inside aggregate function of groupBy. This allows combining column pivoting with other groupBy aggregations:

df.groupBy { name.firstName }.aggregate {
    pivot { city }.aggregate(separate = true) {
        mean { age } into "mean age"
        count() into "count"
    }
    count() into "total"
}

df.groupBy { "name"["firstName"] }.aggregate {
    pivot("city").aggregate(separate = true) {
        mean("age") into "mean age"
        count() into "count"
    }
    count() into "total"
}

pivotCounts

Pivots with count statistics one or several columns preserving all other columns of DataFrame or GroupBy DataFrame.

df.pivotCounts { city }
// same as
df.pivot { city }.groupByOther().count()

df.groupBy { name }.pivotCounts { city }
// same as
df.groupBy { name }.pivot { city }.count()
// same as
df.groupBy { name }.aggregate {
    pivotCounts { city }
}

pivotMatches

Pivots with Boolean statistics one or several columns preserving all other columns of DataFrame.

df.pivotMatches { city }
// same as
df.pivot { city }.groupByOther().matches()

df.groupBy { name }.pivotMatches { city }
// same as
df.groupBy { name }.pivot { city }.matches()
// same as
df.groupBy { name }.aggregate {
    pivotMatches { city }
}

24 October 2025