SSLError error is seen when using Python requests module to scrape pages with untrusted SSL certificates.
import requests
response = requests.get("http://example.com/")
# raises:
# SSLError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='example.com', port=80)...
# we can disable certificate verficiation (note: dangerous as it disables e2e encryption)
response = requests.get("http://example.com/", verify=False)
# or specify certficate file explicitly (.rem)
cert_location = "certificates/example-com-certificate.pem"
response = requests.get("http://example.com/", verify=cert_location)
The SSLError exception is rarely encountered in web scraping but the easiest way to fix it is to simply disable certification verification (verify=False parameter) if no sensitive data is being exchanged.
Note if manual fix is required the SSL certificates requests is using can be found using the requests.certs.where() method:
import requests
print(requests.certs.where())
'/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt' # example on Linux
This value can also be overridden using REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE environment variable:
$ export REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE="/etc/ssl/certs/my-certificates.pem"
$ python -c "import requests;print(requests.certs.where())"
/ets/ssl/certs/my-certificates.pem
Finally, requests is using certifi to handle all SLL certificate-related operations - try updating it: pip install certifi --upgrade
